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  2. Polarized light microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized_light_microscopy

    Polarizing microscope operating principle Depiction of internal organs of a midge larva via birefringence and polarized light microscopy. Polarized light microscopy can mean any of a number of optical microscopy techniques involving polarized light. Simple techniques include illumination of the sample with polarized light.

  3. Optical rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rotation

    Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials.

  4. Polarizer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizer

    A Polaroid polarizing filter functions similarly on an atomic scale to the wire-grid polarizer. It was originally made of microscopic herapathite crystals. Its current H-sheet form is made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) plastic with an iodine doping. Stretching of the sheet during manufacture causes the PVA chains to align in one particular ...

  5. Petrographic microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrographic_microscope

    A petrographic microscope is a type of optical microscope used to identify rocks and minerals in thin sections. The microscope is used in optical mineralogy and petrography, a branch of petrology which focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks. The method includes aspects of polarized light microscopy (PLM).

  6. Polarimeter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarimeter

    The earliest polarimeters, which date back to the 1830s, required the user to physically rotate one polarizing element (the analyzer) whilst viewing through another static element (the detector). The detector was positioned at the opposite end of a tube containing the optically active sample, and the user used his/her eye to judge the ...

  7. Optical microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

    The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century.

  8. Polarizing microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Polarizing_microscope&...

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  9. Nicol prism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol_prism

    Nicol prisms were once widely used in mineralogical microscopy and polarimetry, and the term "using crossed Nicols" (abbreviated as XN) is still used to refer to the observing of a sample placed between orthogonally oriented polarizers.