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The most common form of sterilization in dogs and cats is surgical, spaying in females and castration in males. Non-surgical fertility control can either result in sterilization or temporary contraception and could offer a cheaper way to keep wild dog and cat populations under control. As of 2019, only contraceptives are commercially available.
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is an AIS condition that results in the complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens. [1] [2] [3] As such, the insensitivity to androgens is only clinically significant when it occurs in individuals who are exposed to significant amounts of testosterone at some point in their lives. [1]
Commercial sources for testosterone for women in the United States are limited and include the estrogen-testosterone mixture Estratest; compounding pharmacies are the main source of testosterone-only preparations for women. [24] A testosterone patch has been approved for use in the United Kingdom and European Union, but in Canada and the United ...
Testosterone replacement therapy works by increasing the amount of testosterone in your system. You’ll take synthetic testosterone to make up for low levels of the natural hormone in your body.
After long-term androgen therapy, ovaries may develop polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) morphology, as both PCOS and transgender men there is an up-regulation of testosterone receptors in the ovaries. Untreated PCOS is associated with a possibly increased risk of endometrial cancer as well as decreased fertility.
A single such injection results in estradiol levels of about 1,250 pg/mL at peak and levels of around 200 pg/mL after 7 days. [26] [27] Dosages of estrogens can be reduced after an orchiectomy or sex reassignment surgery, when gonadal testosterone suppression is no longer needed. [5]
The male hormone, testosterone, is produced in limited quantities following treatment with Zeuterin, but after two years, testosterone production is similar to that in untreated dogs. [1] The continuing presence of testosterone means that, unlike surgical castration, chemical castration does not remove the risk of testosterone-associated ...
In general, pregnane derivatives (e.g., progesterone, dydrogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate) do not virilize even in high dose; testosterone derivatives (ethisterone) and 19-nortestosterone (norethisterone, norethisterone acetate, etc.) generally virilize, but there are exceptions (e.g., noretynodrel, allylestrenol) that do not.