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All buffering agents achieve their function because they contain an acidic group (acetate, phosphate, sulphonate ..) or a basic group (amino, pyridyl ..). A consequence of this is that they can form complexes with the biologically important ions Na + , K + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ and can compete for the metal ion contained in a metalloprotein .
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Buffer capacity falls to 33% of the maximum value at pH = pK a ± 1, to 10% at pH = pK a ± 1.5 and to 1% at pH = pK a ± 2. For this reason the most useful range is approximately pK a ± 1. When choosing a buffer for use at a specific pH, it should have a pK a value as close as possible to that pH. [2]
As temperature rises from 25 °C to 37 °C, the pH of a tris buffer will decrease an average of 0.025 units per degree. [ 9 ] In general, a 10-fold increase in tris buffer concentration will lead to a 0.05 unit increase in pH and vice versa.
Borate buffered saline (abbreviated BBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Borate buffers have an alkaline buffering capacity in the 8–10 range. Boric acid has a pK a of 9.14 at 25 °C.
Bis-Tris propane wide buffering range is also useful for calibration of genetically encoded pH indicators expressed in the cytosol or mitochondria. [6] Bis-Tris propane has been used as the buffering agent in separation of full and empty capsids of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors with anion-exchange chromatography .
McIlvaine buffer is a buffer solution composed of citric acid and disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as citrate-phosphate buffer. It was introduced in 1921 by the United States agronomist Theodore Clinton McIlvaine (1875–1959) from West Virginia University , and it can be prepared in pH 2.2 to 8 by mixing two stock solutions.
HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) is a zwitterionic sulfonic acid buffering agent.It is one of the twenty Good's buffers.HEPES is widely used in cell culture, largely because it is better at maintaining physiological pH despite changes in carbon dioxide concentration (produced by aerobic respiration) when compared to bicarbonate buffers, which are also commonly used in ...