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About 60% of the metronidazole is metabolized by oxidation to the main metabolite hydroxymetronidazole and a carboxylic acid derivative, and by glucuronidation. The metabolites show antibiotic and antiprotozoal activity in vitro. [62] Metronidazole and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidneys (77%) and to a lesser extent via the ...
1st week: PPI (standard dose) and amoxicillin 1 g bid 2nd week: PPI (standard dose), amoxicillin 1 g, metronidazole 0.5 g and clarithromycin 0.5 g bid First line therapy Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy 10–14 PPI (standard dose) bid, tetracycline 0.5 g qid, metronidazole 0.25 g qid and bismuth standard dose qid First line or second line ...
Women should speak to their doctor or healthcare professional before starting or stopping any medications while pregnant. [1] Drugs taken in pregnancy including over-the counter-medications, prescription medications, nutritional supplements, recreational drugs, and illicit drugs may cause harm to the mother or the unborn child.
In addition, bacterial vaginosis as either pre-existing, or acquired, may increase the risk of pregnancy complications, most notably premature birth or miscarriage. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Pregnant women with BV have a higher risk of chorioamnionitis , miscarriage, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes , and postpartum endometritis . [ 27 ]
For people who are symptomatic, it is used after treatment with metronidazole or tinidazole. [2] It is taken by mouth. [1] Diloxanide generally has mild side effects. [3] Side effects may include flatulence, vomiting, and itchiness. [1] During pregnancy it is recommended that it be taken after the first trimester. [1]
The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML [1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system. [2]
Administering a vaginal cream using an applicator. Administering a vaginal tablet without an applicator. Intravaginal administration is a route of administration where the substance is applied inside the vagina.
During pregnancy, vaginal discharge volume increases as a result of the body's increased levels of estrogen and progesterone. [13] [2] The discharge is usually white or slightly gray, and may have a musty smell. [13] [2] The normal discharge of pregnancy does not contain blood or cause itching. [13]