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Industrialization in Germany was the phase of the breakthrough of industrialization in Germany, beginning at the time from around 1815 to 1835. [1] [2] This period was preceded by the periods of pre-industrialization and early industrialization. In general, the decades between the 1830s and 1873 are considered the phase of industrial take off.
The Political Economy of Germany in the Twentieth Century (U of California Press, 2020). Henderson, William O. The State and the Industrial Revolution in Prussia, 1740-1870 (1958) Holborn, Hajo. A History of Modern Germany (3 vol 1959–64); vol 1: The Reformation; vol 2: 1648–1840; vol 3. 1840–1945; James, Harold.
The first "medical" X-ray, by Wilhelm Röntgen (1895) Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory. Sculpture of Einstein 's 1905 E = mc 2 formula at the 2006 Walk of Ideas , Berlin Geiger-Müller counter Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933; two years after his first prototype Induced nuclear fission reaction
Foreign policy was founded on Kaiser Wilhelm's support for both his Government's colonialist ambitions and their efforts to establish Germany as a world power (Weltmacht). The desire for a "place in the sun" as coined by Foreign Secretary Bernhard von Bülow and was shared by a large number of German citizens and intellectuals.
Many major public buildings in Germany were built during the period, such as the Hamburg City Hall. In the mindset of many Germans, the epoch is intrinsically linked with Kaiser Wilhelm I and Chancellor Bismarck, but it did not end with them (in 1888 and 1890, respectively) but continued well into the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
In referring to the entire period between 1871 and 1945, the partially translated English phrase "German Reich" (/-ˈ r aɪ k /) is applied by historians in formal contexts; [3] although in common English usage this state was and is known simply as Germany, the English term "German Empire" is reserved to denote the German state between 1871 and 1918.
The Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society) was founded in 1911 to promote the sciences in Germany, especially by establishing research institutions under its umbrella; after World War II, the organization was renamed the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, in honor of Max Planck.
The Crystal Palace Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, London, 1851 Early industrialisation in Germany, the city of Barmen in 1870. Painting by August von Wille. Aplerbecker Hütte, an industrialised area of Dortmund, Germany, c. 1910. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise. [6]