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For example, gene knockouts of the Sox2 gene confirm this region's role in neural stem cell amplification in the axolotl. The technology to do more complex conditional gene knockouts, or conditional knockouts that give the scientist spatiotemporal control of the gene is not yet suitable for axolotls. [ 165 ]
The somatic nuclear cell transfer technique is a well-known cloning method that has been used for years but focuses on species that are thriving rather than endangered or extinct species. This technique usually uses a single somatic donor cell with a single manipulation and inserts it into a recipient egg of the species of interest.
The first mouse from adult cells, Cumulina, was born in 1997 at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in the laboratory of Ryuzo Yanagimachi using the Honolulu technique. In 2008 Japanese scientists created a cloned mouse from a dead mouse that had been frozen for 16 years. This was the first time a mammal had been cloned from frozen cells. [61]
Allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplantations (as is commonly done in humans) have recently been shown to be a possible treatment option for dogs. [19] Most of the basic research on transplantation biology was generated in dogs. Current cure rates using stem cell therapy in dogs approximates that achieved in humans, 40-50%.
The employment of adult somatic cells in lieu of embryonic stem cells for cloning emerged from the foundational work of John Gurdon, who cloned African clawed frogs in 1958 with this approach. The successful cloning of Dolly led to widespread advancements within stem cell research, including the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells. [4]
The following year, this method achieved a key goal of SCNT-based stem cell research: the derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines that have all genes linked to various diseases. [24] Some scientists working on SCNT-based stem cell research have recently moved to the new methods of induced pluripotent stem cells.
The body needs cholesterol to build cells and make vitamins and certain hormones, but too much of it can cause fat to collect in arteries, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research. This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal is not to create cloned human beings (called "reproductive cloning"), but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease.