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A flask containing human cerebral organoids. A neural, or brain organoid, describes an artificially grown, in vitro, tissue resembling parts of the human brain.Neural organoids are created by culturing pluripotent stem cells into a three-dimensional culture that can be maintained for years.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are mitogens that promote neural progenitor and stem cell growth in vitro, though other factors synthesized by the neural progenitor and stem cell populations are also required for optimal growth. [13] It is hypothesized that neurogenesis in the adult brain originates from NSCs.
Example of the pattern of division of a progenitor cell (PC) which results in the production of an intermediate progenitor cell (IPC). Both cells later produce one or two neural cells (N). A progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However ...
In rodents for example, neurons in the central nervous system arise from three types of neural stem and progenitor cells: neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors, which go through three main divisions: symmetric proliferative division; asymmetric neurogenic division; and symmetric neurogenic division.
This function is also induced by microglia and endothelial cells that interact cooperatively with neuronal stem cells to promote neurogenesis in vitro, as well as extracellular matrix components such as tenascin-C (helps define boundaries for interaction) and Lewis X (binds growth and signaling factors to neural precursors). [14] The human SVZ ...
Intestinal organoid grown from Lgr5+ stem cells. An organoid is a miniaturised and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in three dimensions that mimics the key functional, structural, and biological complexity of that organ. [1]
The axolotl is less commonly used than other vertebrates, but is still a classical model for examining regeneration and neurogenesis. Though the axolotl has made its place in biomedical research in terms of limb regeneration, [19] [20] the model organism has displayed a robust ability to generate new neurons following damage.
Recently, it was described that progenitor cells, NSCs, TaPs and NBs were attached to ECM structures called Fractones. [53] These structures are rich in laminin, collagen and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. [54] Other ECM molecules, such as tenascin-C, MMPs and different proteoglycans are also implicated in the neural stem cell niche. [55]