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Epiretinal membrane or macular pucker is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes. Sometimes, as a result of immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
Epiretinal membrane ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate FTMH Full thickness macular hole FMNS Fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (Latent nystagmus) Fx Family history GPC Giant papillary conjunctivitis Hx Hospital or History HES Hospital eye service IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ILM Internal limiting membrane IRMA
Macropsia has a wide range of causes, from prescription and illicit drugs, to migraines and (rarely) complex partial epilepsy, and to different retinal conditions, such as epiretinal membrane. [1] Physiologically, retinal macropsia results from the compression of cones in the eye.
Jetrea (Brand name) or Ocriplasmin (Generic name) is the first drug of its kind used to treat vitreomacular adhesion. [ citation needed ] Mechanism of Action: Ocriplasmin is a truncated human plasmin with proteolytic activity against protein components of the vitreous body and vitreoretinal interface.
It is used as eye drops or applied to the skin. [4] [5] It is also available in the fixed-dose combination medication brimonidine/timolol along with timolol maleate. [6] Common side effects when used in the eyes include itchiness, redness, and a dry mouth. [4] Common side effects when used on the skin include redness, burning, and headaches. [5]
Loteprednol etabonate was developed using retrometabolic drug design. It is a so-called soft drug, meaning its structure was designed so that it is predictably metabolised to inactive substances. These metabolites, Δ 1-cortienic acid and its etabonate, are derivatives of cortienic acid, itself an inactive metabolite of hydrocortisone. [2] [7] [12]
[7] [8] [4] Eye drops containing 0.1% dipivefrine have similar effectiveness to conventional eye drops containing 2% epinephrine in lowering intraocular pressure. [4] Dipivefrine is used pharmaceutically mainly as the hydrochloride salt. [14] [10] A similar compound that was never marketed is pivenfrine, which is the 3-pivalate ester of ...
Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]