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Bipolar cells receive synaptic input from either rods or cones, or both rods and cones, though they are generally designated rod bipolar or cone bipolar cells. There are roughly 10 distinct forms of cone bipolar cells, however, only one rod bipolar cell, due to the rod receptor arriving later in the evolutionary history than the cone receptor ...
Lithium is approved by the FDA for the treatment of bipolar disorder and is widely prescribed off-label as a treatment for major depressive disorder, [12] often as an augmentation agent. Lithium is recommended for the treatment of schizophrenic disorders only after other antipsychotics have failed; it has limited effectiveness when used alone. [13]
Psychotherapy also has a role in the treatment of bipolar disorder. The goal of treatment is not to cure the disorder but rather to control the symptoms and the course of the disorder. Generally speaking, maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder continues long after symptom control has been achieved.
This page was last edited on 30 October 2021, at 06:38 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply.
Bipolar cells convey impulses from photoreceptors (rods and cones) to ganglion cells, [6] which in turn transport the visual signals to the brain through the optic nerve. Bipolar cells come in two varieties, having either an on-center or an off-center receptive field, each with a surround of the opposite sign. The off-center bipolar cells have ...
Lithium Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer, the first to be approved by the US FDA, and still popular in treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring is required to ensure lithium levels remain in the therapeutic range: 0.6 to 0.8 or 0.8–1.2 mEq/L (or millimolar).
The drug seems ineffective in the treatment of current rapid-cycling, acute mania, or acute depression in bipolar disorder. [26] Lamotrigine has been shown to be as effective as lithium, the standard treatment for bipolar disorder. [27] Lamotrigine has not demonstrated clear efficacy in treating acute mood episodes, either mania or depression.
In 1970, lithium was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of bipolar disorder, which remains its primary use in the US. [ 5 ] [ 17 ] It is sometimes used when other treatments are not effective in a number of other conditions, including major depression , [ 18 ] schizophrenia , disorders of impulse ...
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