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In criminology, subcultural theory emerged from the work of the Chicago School on gangs and developed through the symbolic interactionism school into a set of theories arguing that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence.
A subculture is a group of people within a cultural society that differentiates itself from the values of the conservative, standard or dominant culture to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles. Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters.
Subcultures were often based on socializing and wild behaviour, but some of them were centred around politics. In the United States, these included the Black Panthers and the Yippies. Allen Ginsberg took part in several protest movements, including those for gay rights and those against the Vietnam War and nuclear weapons.
The theory does not translate well to American subcultures because the class consciousness does not work the same way. [4] Hebdige places too much emphasis on the symbolic meaning of style, thereby overlooking other aspects of youth rebellion. [4] The theory overlooks the variety of efforts outside of style in which subcultures engage. [4]
An emphasis on clothes, popular music, sports, vocabulary, and dating typically sets youth apart from other age groups. [2] Within youth culture, there are many constantly changing youth subcultures, which may be divided based on race, ethnicity, economic status, public appearance, or a variety of other factors. [3]
The drama's writer and director Jeff Nichols was inspired to make the movie after becoming obsessed with photojournalist Danny Lyon's photography and oral history of '60s Midwestern biker subculture.
Whereas previous research was concerned with the relation between subcultures and social class in postwar Britain, Hebdige saw youth cultures in terms of a dialogue between black and white youth. He argues that punk emerged as a mainly white style when black youth became more separatist in the 1970s in response to discrimination in British society.
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