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  2. Benford's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford's_law

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 December 2024. Observation that in many real-life datasets, the leading digit is likely to be small For the unrelated adage, see Benford's law of controversy. The distribution of first digits, according to Benford's law. Each bar represents a digit, and the height of the bar is the percentage of ...

  3. Bayes' theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes'_theorem

    About 200 years later, Sir Harold Jeffreys put Bayes's algorithm and Laplace's formulation on an axiomatic basis, writing in a 1973 book that Bayes' theorem "is to the theory of probability what the Pythagorean theorem is to geometry".

  4. List of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability...

    The Poisson distribution, which describes a very large number of individually unlikely events that happen in a certain time interval. Related to this distribution are a number of other distributions: the displaced Poisson, the hyper-Poisson, the general Poisson binomial and the Poisson type distributions.

  5. Birthday problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem

    The above can be generalized from the distribution of the number of people with their birthday on any particular day, which is a Binomial distribution with probability ⁠ 1 / d ⁠. Multiplying the relevant probability by d will then give the expected number of days. For example, the expected number of days which are shared; i.e. which are at ...

  6. Sunrise problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_problem

    Laplace inferred the number of days by saying that the universe was created about 6000 years ago, based on a young-earth creationist reading of the Bible. To find the conditional probability distribution of p given the data, one uses Bayes' theorem, which some call the Bayes–Laplace rule.

  7. Law of the unconscious statistician - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_unconscious...

    In probability theory and statistics, the law of the unconscious statistician, or LOTUS, is a theorem which expresses the expected value of a function g(X) of a random variable X in terms of g and the probability distribution of X. The form of the law depends on the type of random variable X in question.

  8. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    Probability is the branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), ranging from 0% to ...

  9. Outline of probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_probability

    The certainty that is adopted can be described in terms of a numerical measure, and this number, between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty) is called the probability. Probability theory is used extensively in statistics , mathematics , science and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential ...