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The MOT cloud is loaded from a background of thermal vapour, or from an atomic beam, usually slowed down to the capture velocity using a Zeeman slower. However, the trapping potential in a magneto-optical trap is small in comparison to thermal energies of atoms and most collisions between trapped atoms and the background gas supply enough ...
For a supersonic flow in an expanding conduit (M > 1 and dA > 0), the flow is accelerating (dV > 0). For a supersonic flow in a converging conduit (M > 1 and dA < 0), the flow is decelerating (dV < 0). At a throat where dA = 0, either M = 1 or dV = 0 (the flow could be accelerating through M = 1, or it may reach a velocity such that dV = 0).
Therefore, the kinetic energy per kelvin of one mole of monatomic ideal gas (D = 3) is = =, where is the Avogadro constant, and R is the ideal gas constant. Thus, the ratio of the kinetic energy to the absolute temperature of an ideal monatomic gas can be calculated easily:
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or R. It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant , expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance , rather than energy per temperature increment per particle .
Gas flow can be grouped in four regimes: For Kn≤0.001, flow is continuous, and the Navier–Stokes equations are applicable, from 0.001<Kn<0.1, slip flow occurs, from 0.1≤Kn<10, transitional flow occurs and for Kn≥10, free molecular flow occurs. [6] In free molecular flow, the pressure of the remaining gas can be considered as effectively ...
It is independent of the nozzle, making it a useful metric for evaluating propellant combustion alone. c* should not be confused with c, which is the effective exhaust velocity related to the specific impulse by: =. Specific impulse and effective exhaust velocity are dependent on the nozzle design unlike the characteristic velocity, explaining ...
The thickness of the shock wave is comparable to the mean free path of the gas molecules in the flow field. [1] In other words, shock is a thin region where large gradients in temperature, pressure and velocity occur, and where the transport phenomena of momentum and energy are important.
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a specific application of Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics to the kinetic energies of gas particles. The distribution of velocities (or speeds) of particles in an ideal gas follows from the statistical assumption that the energy levels of a gas molecule are given by its kinetic energy: