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The most studied of these infections is acne vulgaris, caused by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes). [9] It is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the blockage of pilosebaceous units causing inflammatory lesions, non-inflammatory lesions or a mixture of both on the face, neck and/or chest.
Cutibacterium acnes bacteria predominantly live deep within follicles and pores, although they are also found on the surface of healthy skin. [3] In these follicles, C. acnes bacteria use sebum, cellular debris and metabolic byproducts from the surrounding skin tissue as their primary sources of energy and nutrients.
Propionibacterium acnes type zappae is a gram-positive, anaerobic, and endophytic bacterium species of Propionibacterium. In 2014, it was found in an interkingdom bacterial transfer with grapevines ( Vitis vinifera ), which is unexpected because P. acne is found on human skin. [ 1 ]
Bacteria display a large diversity of cell morphologies and arrangements. Bacterial cellular morphologies are the shapes that are characteristic of various types of bacteria and often key to their identification. Their direct examination under a light microscope enables the classification of these bacteria (and archaea).
The relative population of C. acnes is similar between those with acne and those without. [39] [40] Current treatment includes topical and systemic antibacterial drugs which result in decreased C. acnes colonisation and/or activity. [41] Potential probiotic treatment includes the use of Staphylococcus epidermidis to inhibit C. acnes growth.
C. acnes' ability to bind and activate a class of immune system receptors known as toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR2 and TLR4, is a core mechanism of acne-related skin inflammation. [47] [65] [66] Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 by C. acnes leads to increased secretion of IL-1α, IL-8, and TNF-α. [47]
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"Interaction of Cutibacterium ( formerly Propionibacterium) acnes with bone cells: A step toward understanding bone and joint infection development". Scientific Reports . 7 : 42918.