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  2. Heart failure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

    Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.. Although symptoms vary based on which side of the heart is affected, HF typically presents with shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, and bilateral leg swelling. [3]

  3. Cardiac marker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_marker

    LDH-1 isozyme is normally found in the heart muscle and LDH-2 is found predominantly in blood serum. A high LDH-1 level to LDH-2 suggest MI. LDH levels are also high in tissue breakdown or hemolysis. It can mean cancer, meningitis, encephalitis, or HIV. This is usually back to normal 10–14 days. Aspartate transaminase (AST) This was the first ...

  4. Major adverse cardiovascular events - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_adverse...

    Which conditions are risk factors for MACE depends on some characteristics of the investigated cohort. Established risk indicators in the general population include age, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, smoking, diabetes mellitus, elevated concentrations of triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol concentration, reduced HDL concentration and hypertension, as, e. g., demonstrated by the ...

  5. Volume of distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_of_distribution

    Volume of distribution may be increased by kidney failure (due to fluid retention) and liver failure (due to altered body fluid and plasma protein binding). Conversely it may be decreased in dehydration. The initial volume of distribution describes blood concentrations prior to attaining the apparent volume of distribution and uses the same ...

  6. Reference ranges for blood tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood...

    In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well.

  7. New York Heart Association Functional Classification

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Heart_Association...

    The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification provides a simple way of classifying the extent of heart failure.It places patients in one of four categories based on how much they are limited during physical activity; the limitations/symptoms are in regard to normal breathing and varying degrees in shortness of breath and/or angina.

  8. Hemodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics

    The heart is the driver of the circulatory system, pumping blood through rhythmic contraction and relaxation. The rate of blood flow out of the heart (often expressed in L/min) is known as the cardiac output (CO). Blood being pumped out of the heart first enters the aorta, the largest artery of the body.

  9. American Heart Association - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association

    The American Heart Association (AHA) is a nonprofit organization in the United States that funds cardiovascular medical research, educates consumers on healthy living and fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke.

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    related to: serum vs plasma concentrations in human heart failure statistics aha guidelines