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Urbanization and environmental consequences has always moved hand in hand. Odum in 1989 has called cities as ‘parasites’ on natural and domesticated environment, since it makes no food, cleans no air and cleans only a little amount of water for reuse [6] and Mayur (1990) has argued that such disharmony may result in environmentally catastrophic events (cited in Leitmann, 1999). [7]
This rapid urbanization can have both positive and negative impacts. On the one hand, cities can provide economic opportunities, access to healthcare and education, and a high quality of life for residents. On the other, increased urbanization exacerbates the struggles of pollution, loss of green spaces, loss of biodiversity, and more. [8]
New York City's Central Park represents an ecosystem fragment within a larger urban environment. Urban ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in an urban environment. An urban environment refers to environments dominated by high-density residential and commercial buildings ...
Although urbanization tends to produce more negative effects, one positive effect that urbanization has impacted is an increase in physical activity in comparison to rural areas. Residents of rural areas and communities in the United States have higher rates of obesity and engage in less physical activity than urban residents. [95]
The benefits that urban open spaces provide to citizens can be categorized into four basic forms: recreation, ecology, aesthetic value, and positive health impacts. Psychological research shows that benefits to visitors of urban green spaces increased with their biodiversity , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] indicating that "green" alone is not sufficient ...
Urban geography is the subdiscipline of geography that derives from a study of cities and urban processes. Urban geographers and urbanists [1] examine various aspects of urban life and the built environment. Scholars, activists, and the public have participated in, studied, and critiqued flows of economic and natural resources, human and non ...
Urban responses to global environmental change (e.g., urban strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation). Consequences of urban responses to global environmental change. Additionally, the goals of UGEC include: creating multidimensional integrative perspectives; promoting parallel and comparative analysis across regions and themes;
The promotion of green areas has a positive effect on the communities, and the imbalance of greenery in wealthy versus low-income areas exhibits environmental injustice. Studies have shown green spaces in urban areas to have an effect on climate and health risks by lowering local temperature and improving air quality. [34]