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The layout of a 4-2-1 system is as follows: four pipes (primary) come off the cylinder head, and merge into two pipes (secondary), which in turn finally link up to form one collector pipe. [2] Compared with a 4-1 exhaust system, a 4-2-1 often produces more power at mid-range engine speeds (RPM), while a 4-1 exhaust produces more power at high RPM.
A header is a manifold specifically designed for performance. [1] During design, engineers create a manifold without regard to weight or cost but instead for optimal flow of the exhaust gases. This design results in a header that is more efficient at scavenging the exhaust from the cylinders. Headers are generally circular steel tubing with ...
Length, cross-sectional area, and shaping of the exhaust ports and pipeworks influences the degree of scavenging effect, and the engine speed range over which scavenging occurs. [ 4 ] The magnitude of the exhaust scavenging effect is a direct function of the velocity of the high and medium pressure components of the exhaust pulse.
Society of Automotive Engineers standard SAE J1939 is the vehicle bus recommended practice used for communication and diagnostics among vehicle components. Originating in the car and heavy-duty truck industry in the United States, it is now widely used in other parts of the world.
A modern vehicle can have more than 70 ECUs that use CAN FD to exchange information over the CAN bus when the engine is running or when the vehicle is moving. On a CAN bus, a frame is the basic unit of messaging. For a classic CAN bus, a frame consists of an 11-bit identifier along with an 8-byte message payload.
ISO-TP segments longer messages into multiple frames, adding metadata (CAN-TP Header) that allows the interpretation of individual frames and reassembly into a complete message packet by the recipient. It can carry up to 2 32-1 (4294967295) bytes of payload per message packet starting from the 2016 version. Prior version were limited to a ...
BMW — DISA (DIfferenzierte SaugAnlage – "Differential Air Intake"), two stage: M42, M44, M54, N62TU, three stage: N52; DIVA (continuously variable length runners): N62, is the world's first continuously variable length intake manifold. [2] Citroën — XM 3,0 V6.24 (200 hp) used during 1991 to 1997, ZX Coupe 2.0 16v XU10J4 engine.
The two main factors that impact drag are the frontal area of the vehicle and the drag coefficient. The drag coefficient is a unit-less value that denotes how much an object resists movement through a fluid such as water or air. A potential complication of altering a vehicle's aerodynamics is that it may cause the vehicle to get too much lift.
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