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Constructive solid geometry (CSG; formerly called computational binary solid geometry) is a technique used in solid modeling. Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a complex surface or object by using Boolean operators to combine simpler objects, [ 1 ] potentially generating visually complex objects by combining a few primitive ...
The interplay or matching of the precise matrix element calculation and the approximations resulting from the simulation of the parton shower gives rise to further complications, either within a given level of precision like at leading order (LO) for the production of n jets or between two levels of precision when tempting to connect matrix ...
The column "representation" indicates under which representations of the gauge groups that each field transforms, in the order (SU(3), SU(2), U(1)) and for the U(1) group, the value of the weak hypercharge is listed. There are twice as many left-handed lepton field components as right-handed lepton field components in each generation, but an ...
ezSpectra [5] [6] Free C++ Interfaces with Q-Chem and other packages Franck-Condon factors, photoionization cross-sections, photoelectron angular distributions, magnetic properties Libwfa [7] Free C++ Interfaces with Q-Chem and MOLCAS: Natural orbitals, natural transition orbitals, exciton descriptor, density difference, and others
The remaining two half-lines in the two X s can be linked to each other in two ways, so that the total number of ways to form the diagram is 4 × 3 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 2, while the denominator is 4! × 4! × 2!. The total symmetry factor is 2, and the contribution of this diagram is divided by 2.
Event generators are software libraries that generate simulated high-energy particle physics events. [1] [2] They randomly generate events as those produced in particle accelerators, collider experiments or the early universe. Events come in different types called processes as discussed in the Automatic calculation of particle interaction or ...
When talking about solid materials, the discussion is mainly around crystals – periodic lattices. Here we will discuss a 1D lattice of positive ions. Assuming the spacing between two ions is a, the potential in the lattice will look something like this: The mathematical representation of the potential is a periodic function with a period a.
The particle-based nature of SPH makes it ideal to combine with a particle-based gravity solver, for instance tree gravity code, [70] particle mesh, or particle-particle particle-mesh. Solid mechanics and fluid-structure interaction (FSI)