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Light atoms usually show only a small anomalous dispersion effect. In this case, the Flack parameter can refine to a physically unrealistic value (less than 0 or greater than 1) and has no meaning. This parameter, introduced by H. D. Flack [1] became one of a standard set of values being checked for structures with noncentrosymmetric space groups.
The photo-absorption strongly depends on the atomic number of the material and the X-ray energy. Several centimeter thick volumes can be accessed in steel and millimeters in lead containing samples. No radiation damage of the sample, which can pin incommensurations or destroy the chemical compound to be analyzed.
The 2 cm Flak 38 auf Panzer I Ausführung A, commonly known as the Flakpanzer I, [1] was a rare self-propelled anti-aircraft gun conversion of the Panzer I in use by the military of Nazi Germany during World War II.
The 1st Flak Division (German: 1. Flak-Division ) was a Flak division of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . Its primary and most noteworthy function throughout the war was the defense of the air space of the city of Berlin .
Ten 8.8 cm Flak 18 anti-aircraft guns were mounted on pedestals on DB s8 and DB 9 chassis in 1939 as the 8.8 cm Flak 18 (Sfl.) auf Zugkraftwagen 12t (Sd.Kfz. 8) — also known as the Bunkerflak or Bufla — for anti-tank duties. A gun shield was provided for the gun, but the gun crew had no other protection. The driver's cab was replaced by a ...
The 7.5 cm kanon PL vz. 37 (Anti-aircraft Gun Model 37) was a Czech anti-aircraft gun used in World War II.Those weapons captured after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 were taken into Wehrmacht service as the 7.5 cm Flak M 37(t) or Flak Skoda.
The gun was to be installed on Type XXI submarines as AA defense [3] and its use as AA defense replacing 2 cm Flak and 3.7 cm Flak weapons was also considered. The use of 3 cm M.K. 303 Flakzwilling on Flakpanzer IV "Kugelblitz" was considered, but rejected. The development began in late 1941 [1] and production started in late 1944.
German submarine U-441 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II, which served for a short time as an anti-aircraft submarine under the designation U-flak 1. The submarine was laid down on 15 October 1940 at the Schichau-Werke in Danzig as yard number 1492, launched on 13 December 1941 and commissioned on 21 ...