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As of 2011 more than 36 genes have been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. [2] All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total genetic component of the disease. [2] There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes). [1]
Neoteny and reduction in skull size – grey wolf and chihuahua skulls. When the role of dogs expanded from just being working dogs to also being companions, humans started selective breeding dogs for morphological neoteny, and this selective breeding for "neoteny or paedomorphism" "strengthened the human-canine bond."
Neoteny of the human body is indicated by glabrousness (hairless body). [3] Neoteny of the genitals is marked by the absence of a baculum (penis bone); [1] the presence of a hymen; [1] and the forward-facing vagina. [1]
Neotenic complex syndrome (NCS) is a syndrome that presents as an extreme form of developmental delay, with the defining characteristic being neoteny of the patient. It was named in 2017 by Dr. Richard F. Walker, who discovered several genes implicated in the syndrome.
Predisposition is the capacity humans are born with to learn things such as language and concept of self. Negative environmental influences may block the predisposition (ability) one has to do some things. Behaviors displayed by animals can be influenced by genetic predispositions.
The main goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose (BG) levels as normal as possible. [1] If diabetes is not well controlled, further challenges to health may occur. [1] People with diabetes can measure blood sugar by various methods, such as with a BG meter or a continuous glucose monitor, which monitors over several days. [2]
Thiazolidinedione ligand dependent transactivation is responsible for the majority of anti-diabetic effects. The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):
The first patient was treated using the Edmonton protocol in March 1999. The protocol was first published in the New England Journal of Medicine in July 2000. [1] The NEJM report was exciting for the diabetes field because the seven patients undergoing the Edmonton protocol remained insulin-independent after an average of 12 months. [citation ...