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This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
The addition of a material separation agent, such as benzene to an ethanol/water mixture, changes the molecular interactions and eliminates the azeotrope. Added in the liquid phase, the new component can alter the activity coefficient of various compounds in different ways thus altering a mixture's relative volatility.
The best known example is adding benzene or cyclohexane to the water/ethanol azeotrope. With cyclohexane as the entrainer, the ternary azeotrope is 7% water, 17% ethanol, and 76% cyclohexane, and boils at 62.1 °C. [23] Just enough cyclohexane is added to the water/ethanol azeotrope to engage all of the water into the ternary azeotrope.
The ionization equilibrium of an acid or a base is affected by a solvent change. ... Benzene: 14.7 Ethanol: 5.8 Dichloromethane: 4.2 Water: 0.23 Effects on reaction rates
Excess volume of the mixture of ethanol and water (volume contraction) Heat of mixing of the mixture of ethanol and water Vapor–liquid equilibrium of the mixture of ethanol and water (including azeotrope) Solid–liquid equilibrium of the mixture of ethanol and water (including eutecticum) Miscibility gap in the mixture of dodecane and ethanol
This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/Ethanol [5] P = 760 mm Hg BP Temp. °C ... Vapor-liquid Equilibrium for Benzene/Acetone [5] P = 101.325 kPa BP Temp. °C
In the above equation, T F is the normal freezing point of the pure solvent (273 K for water, for example); a liq is the activity of the solvent in the solution (water activity for aqueous solution); ΔH fus T F is the enthalpy change of fusion of the pure solvent at T F, which is 333.6 J/g for water at 273 K; ΔC fus p is the difference ...