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  2. Kantian ethics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantian_ethics

    Kant began his ethical theory by arguing that the only virtue that can be an unqualified good is a good will. No other virtue, or thing in the broadest sense of the term, has this status because every other virtue, every other thing, can be used to achieve immoral ends. For example, the virtue of loyalty is not good if one is loyal to an evil ...

  3. Utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism

    Immanuel Kant, who insisted on the criterion of universality, which may also be described as a criterion of reciprocity; the classical utilitarians who made maximizing social utility the basic criterion of morality; and "the modern theory of rational behaviour under risk and uncertainty, usually described as Bayesian decision theory."

  4. Kantianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantianism

    Kantianism (German: Kantianismus) is the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). The term Kantianism or Kantian is sometimes also used to describe contemporary positions in philosophy of mind , epistemology , and ethics .

  5. Timeline of Western philosophers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Western...

    Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Major contributions in nearly every field of philosophy, especially metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786). Member of the Jewish Enlightenment. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781). Edmund Burke (1729–1797). Conservative political philosopher.

  6. History of ethical idealism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ethical_idealism

    Kant's advocacy for the "categorical imperative", a doctrine through which every individual choice has to be made with the consideration of the decider that it ought to be a universally held maxim, took place in the broader context of his metaphysical views. In Kant's writings, defiance of higher principles was not only wrong in a practical ...

  7. Immanuel Kant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant

    Immanuel Kant [a] (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential and controversial figures in modern Western philosophy.

  8. List of utilitarians - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_utilitarians

    This is an incomplete list of advocates of utilitarianism and/or consequentialism This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources .

  9. Categorical imperative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_imperative

    The categorical imperative (German: kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant.Introduced in Kant's 1785 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, it is a way of evaluating motivations for action.