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Horseshoe kidney. Horseshoe kidney, also known as ren arcuatus (in Latin), renal fusion or super kidney, is a congenital disorder affecting about 1 in 500 people that is more common in men, often asymptomatic, and usually diagnosed incidentally. [1][2] In this disorder, the patient's kidneys fuse to form a horseshoe -shape during development in ...
It stems from the spinal nerves S2–S4 of the sacral plexus. [22] [23] The nerve progresses through the piriformis and coccygeus muscles and exits the pelvis by passing through the greater sciatic foramen. [22] The pudendal nerve then re-enters the pelvic cavity by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen.
The perineal nerve is a branch of the pudendal nerve. [1] [2] It lies below the internal pudendal artery.It accompanies the perineal artery.It passes through the pudendal canal for around 2 or 3 cm. [1] [2] Whilst still in the canal, it divides into superficial branches and a deep branch. [1]
Fowler's syndrome primarily presents in women between menarche and menopause. The peak age of onset is 26 yrs. [5] It is seen in about one third of the women who experience urinary retention. The predominant complaint is the inability to urinate for a day or more with no urgency to urinate, in spite of a large bladder volume of more than 1 liters.
Sacral nerve stimulation. Sacral nerve stimulation, also termed sacral neuromodulation, is a type of medical electrical stimulation therapy. It typically involves the implantation of a programmable stimulator subcutaneously, which delivers low amplitude electrical stimulation via a lead to the sacral nerve, usually accessed via the S3 foramen.
Kidney stones, kidney failure, urinary tract infections, hydronephrosis. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, often called by the shortened term neurogenic bladder, refers to urinary bladder problems due to disease or injury of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of urination. [1][2] There are multiple types of ...
The intervertebral foramen (also neural foramen) (often abbreviated as IV foramen or IVF) is an opening between (the intervertebral notches of [1]) two pedicles (one above and one below) of adjacent vertebra in the articulated spine. [2]: 424, 425 Each intervertebral foramen gives passage to a spinal nerve and spinal blood vessels, and lodges a ...
The areas of the medial branches are in black, those of the lateral in red. The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves are small and diminish in size as they move downward; they emerge, except the last, through the posterior sacral foramina. In some rare cases these nerves break and cause the person's legs to become weak and eventually wither ...