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John Bumpass Calhoun (May 11, 1917 – September 7, 1995) was an American ethologist and behavioral researcher noted for his studies of population density and its effects on behavior. He claimed that the bleak effects of overpopulation on rodents were a grim model for the future of the human race.
The term and concept derive from a series of over-population experiments Calhoun conducted on Norway rats between 1958 and 1962. [1] In the experiments, Calhoun and his researchers created a series of "rat utopias" [ 2 ] – enclosed spaces where rats were given unlimited access to food and water, enabling unfettered population growth.
To test the null hypothesis, independent pairs of sample data are collected from the populations {(x 1, y 1), (x 2, y 2), . . ., (x n, y n)}. Pairs are omitted for which there is no difference so that there is a possibility of a reduced sample of m pairs. [4] Then let W be the number of pairs for which y i − x i > 0.
Population density is defined as the population divided by land area. Data are from the US Census unless otherwise specified. Population data are for the year 2023 [2] and area data are for the year 2010. [3] Some population estimates for territories are from the United Nations Commission on Population and Development. [4]
The sample comprises people born on one of four selected dates of birth and therefore makes up about 1% of the total population. The sample was initiated at the time of the 1971 Census, and the four dates were used to update the sample at the 1981,1991, 2001 and 2011 Censuses and in routine event registrations.
Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer" or square mile, and which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this is calculated for a county , city , country , another territory or the entire world .
For example, if there are 20 people participating, each person could potentially connect to 19 other people. A density of 100% (19/19) is the greatest density in the system. A density of 5% indicates there is only 1 of 19 possible connections. [78] Centrality focuses on the behavior of individual participants within a network. It measures the ...
Population density WD}}, without arguments, will show the population density of the current article subject, default in inhabitants per km 2. {{Population density WD|<page title>}}, will show the population density of the Wikipedia article page title stated in the first unnamed parameter.