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In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor. [1]
In this case, s is called the least absolute remainder. [3] As with the quotient and remainder, k and s are uniquely determined, except in the case where d = 2n and s = ± n. For this exception, we have: a = k⋅d + n = (k + 1)d − n. A unique remainder can be obtained in this case by some convention—such as always taking the positive value ...
The result of the calculation is 3 bits long, which is why it is called a 3-bit CRC. However, you need 4 bits to explicitly state the polynomial. Start with the message to be encoded: 11010011101100 This is first padded with zeros corresponding to the bit length n of the CRC. This is done so that the resulting code word is in systematic form ...
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.
Time-keeping on this clock uses arithmetic modulo 12. Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus.
Divide the highest term of the remainder by the highest term of the divisor (x 2 ÷ x = x). Place the result (+x) below the bar. x 2 has been divided leaving no remainder, and can therefore be marked as used. The result x is then multiplied by the second term in the divisor −3 = −3x. Determine the partial remainder by subtracting 0x − ...
The congruence relation, modulo m, partitions the set of integers into m congruence classes. Operations of addition and multiplication can be defined on these m objects in the following way: To either add or multiply two congruence classes, first pick a representative (in any way) from each class, then perform the usual operation for integers on the two representatives and finally take the ...