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In AD 362, the emperor Julian wrote in his Hymn to King Helios that the Agon Solis was held in late December, between the end of the Saturnalia and the New Year. [54] Julian says it is dedicated to Helios and the "Invincible Sun". [55] Most scholars therefore date the festival to December 25 and associate it with the Natalis Solis Invicti. [56]
The birthday of an individual, or the anniversary of a founding of a temple; see Glossary of ancient Roman religion#dies natalis. Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, the "birthday" of the Roman solar deity Sol Invictus on December 25; the annual commemoration of a Christian martyr's death; see Calendar of saints; Dies Natalis, a cantata by Gerald Finzi
December 25 was the traditional date of the winter solstice in the Roman Empire, [28] where most Christians lived, and the Roman festival Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (birthday of Sol Invictus) had been held on this date since 274 AD. [29] In the East, the birth of Jesus was celebrated in connection with the Epiphany on January 6.
Since the 12th century, [26] there have been speculations that the near-solstice date of 25 December for Christmas was selected because it was the date of the festival of DIES NATALIS SOLIS INVICTI, but historians of late antiquity make no mention of this, and others speculate Aurelian chose December 25 to shadow early Christian celebrations ...
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1 (Kalends): Dies natalis for the Temple of Juno Sospita, Mother and Queen; sacra at the Grove of Alernus, near the Tiber at the foot of the Palatine Hill; 5: Dies natalis for the Temple of Concordia on the Capitoline Hill; 13 (Ides): minor festival of Faunus on the Tiber Island; 13–22: Parentalia, a commemoration of ancestors and the dead ...
The renewal of light and the coming of the new year was celebrated in the later Roman Empire at the Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, the "Birthday of the Unconquerable Sun", on 25 December. [ 12 ]
A fragment of the Fasti Praenestini for the month of Aprilis, showing its nundinal letters on the left side The full remains of the Fasti Praenestini. The nundinae (/ n ə n ˈ d ɪ n aɪ /, /-n iː /), sometimes anglicized to nundines, [1] were the market days of the ancient Roman calendar, forming a kind of weekend including, for a certain period, rest from work for the ruling class ().