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  2. Entropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

    Since an entropy is a state function, the entropy change of the system for an irreversible path is the same as for a reversible path between the same two states. [22] However, the heat transferred to or from the surroundings is different as well as its entropy change. We can calculate the change of entropy only by integrating the above formula.

  3. Van 't Hoff equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_equation

    The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, K eq, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, Δ r H ⊖, for the process. The subscript r {\displaystyle r} means "reaction" and the superscript ⊖ {\displaystyle \ominus } means "standard".

  4. Gibbs–Helmholtz equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs–Helmholtz_equation

    The definition of the Gibbs function is = + where H is the enthalpy defined by: = +. Taking differentials of each definition to find dH and dG, then using the fundamental thermodynamic relation (always true for reversible or irreversible processes): = where S is the entropy, V is volume, (minus sign due to reversibility, in which dU = 0: work other than pressure-volume may be done and is equal ...

  5. Temperature–entropy diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature–entropy_diagram

    In thermodynamics, a temperature–entropy (T–s) diagram is a thermodynamic diagram used to visualize changes to temperature (T ) and specific entropy (s) during a thermodynamic process or cycle as the graph of a curve. It is a useful and common tool, particularly because it helps to visualize the heat transfer during a process.

  6. Entropy (order and disorder) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(order_and_disorder)

    In a stretched out piece of rubber, for example, the arrangement of the molecules of its structure has an "ordered" distribution and has zero entropy, while the "disordered" kinky distribution of the atoms and molecules in the rubber in the non-stretched state has positive entropy. Similarly, in a gas, the order is perfect and the measure of ...

  7. Introduction to entropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_entropy

    The entropy of the surrounding room decreases less than the entropy of the ice and water increases: the room temperature of 298 K is larger than 273 K and therefore the ratio, (entropy change), of ⁠ δQ / 298 K ⁠ for the surroundings is smaller than the ratio (entropy change), of ⁠ δQ / 273 K ⁠ for the ice and water system. This is ...

  8. Gibbs paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_paradox

    If gas A and B are different gases, there is an entropy that arises once the gases are mixed, the entropy of mixing. If the gases are the same, no additional entropy is calculated. The additional entropy from mixing does not depend on the character of the gases; it only depends on the fact that the gases are different.

  9. Thermodynamic diagrams - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_diagrams

    In many cases the path matters, however, changes in the thermodynamic properties depend only on the initial and final states and not upon the path. [3] Figure 1. Consider a gas in cylinder with a free floating piston resting on top of a volume of gas V 1 at a temperature T 1.