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Upon the death of Wilhelm Pieck in 1960, the office of president was replaced by a collective head of state, the Staatsrat ("State Council"). After the Staatsrat was abolished on 5 April 1990, the president of the Volkskammer ("People's Chamber") served as head of state until East Germany joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990
Germany was ruled by monarchs from the beginning of division of the Frankish Empire in August 843 to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806. [1] [2] [3] During most of 19th century, independent German principalities were organized into various confederations, such as the Confederation of the Rhine dominated by Napoleon (1806-1813) and the German Confederation created by the ...
The president of Germany (German: Reichspräsident, lit. ' president of the Reich ' ) was the head of state under the Weimar Constitution , which was officially in force from 1919 to 1945, encompassing the periods of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany .
The chancellor of Germany [1] is the political leader of Germany and the head of the federal government. The office holder is responsible for selecting all other members of the government and chairing cabinet meetings. [2] The office was created in the North German Confederation in 1867, [3] when Otto von Bismarck became the first chancellor.
During the course of World War I, war reporting was the responsibility of the German General Staff and after 1918, of the Potsdam Reich Archives founded by General Hans von Seeckt, [87] which dedicated itself to the task of "disproving" German war guilt and war crimes. As a result, it was the leadership of the Reichswehr with its largely anti ...
The Commanders of World War II were for the most part career officers.They were forced to adapt to new technologies and forged the direction of modern warfare. Some political leaders, particularly those of the principal dictatorships involved in the conflict, Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Hirohito (Japan), acted as dictators for their respective countries or empires.
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg [a] (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Prussian-born German military leader and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during the First World War [1] and later became president of Germany from 1925 until his death in 1934.
World War I Captain Karl Mayr (5 January 1883 – 9 February 1945) was a German General Staff officer and Adolf Hitler 's immediate superior in an Army Intelligence Division in the Reichswehr , 1919–1920.