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Candidate of Sciences (Candidatus scientiarum – CSc., replaced by common Ph.D. in the Czech Republic in 1998 and by PhD. in Slovakia in 1996) Doctor of philosophy (Philosophiae doctor – Ph.D. or PhD., awarded since 1998 and 1996, respectively; requires at least 3–5-year doctoral study and coursework of 120-180 Credits)
This is a list of countries by the number of PhD degrees awarded in 2014 as per data available with the OECD. [1] * indicates "Research in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" or "Universities in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.
Madeleine M. Joullié (born 1927), French-American-Brazilian organic chemist and first woman to have an American tenure track position in organic chemistry Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975), African American organic chemist who was a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants.
The initial position, demonstrator, is generally enrolled as the top student of the class. Master's degree is required for university-level assistant lecturer. After PhD, the appointment starts with lecturer, then gradually associate professor and professor, depending on research/teaching experience.
Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching, and further education, which usually includes a dissertation.
The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to molecular biology research and is supported by 29 member states, two prospect member states, and one associate member state. [2] EMBL was created in 1974 and is funded by public research money from its member states. [3]
This is a list of professorships at the University of Oxford. During the early history of the university , the title of professor meant a doctor who taught. From the 16th century, it was used for those holding a professorship, also known as a chair.
The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions are among Europe's most competitive and prestigious research and innovation fellowships. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Established in 1996 as Marie Curie Actions and known since 2014 as Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, they aim to foster the career development and further training of researchers at all career stages.