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The Wood–Armer method is a structural analysis method based on finite element analysis used to design the reinforcement for concrete slabs. [1] This method provides simple equations to design a concrete slab based on the output from a finite element analysis software.
The term differs slightly from Total cost of ownership analysis (TCOA). LCCA determines the most cost-effective option to purchase, run, sustain or dispose of an object or process, and TCOA is used by managers or buyers to analyze and determine the direct and indirect cost of an item. [1] The term is used in the study of Industrial ecology (IE ...
A Allocation of costs is the transfer of costs from one cost item to one or more other cost items. Allowance - a value in an estimate to cover the cost of known but not yet fully defined work. As-sold estimate - the estimate which matches the agreed items and price for the project scope. B Basis of estimate (BOE) - a document which describes the scope basis, pricing basis, methods ...
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A single concrete block, as used for construction. Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [1] and is the most widely used building material. [2]
Building construction often is resource-intensive. Material efficiency is a description or metric (( M p) (the ratio of material used to the supplied material)) which refers to decreasing the amount of a particular material needed to produce a specific product. [ 1 ]
Competitive auctions determine the stumpage fees to be paid. The difference between the cost of acquisition of harvested timber between the United States and Canada is the cause of the ongoing Canada-United States softwood lumber dispute. The United States' representatives claim the Canadian system of determining stumpage fees amounts to a subsidy.
Another reason to use fillers is to reduce costs by replacing part of the expensive core material with a cheaper filler. Most of the filler materials used in plastics are mineral or glass based filler materials. [5] Particulates and fibers are the main subgroups of filler materials. Particulates are small particles of filler that are mixed in ...
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