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Civilian medicine has been greatly advanced by procedures that were first developed to treat the wounds inflicted during combat. With the advent of advanced procedures and medical technology, even polytrauma can be survivable in modern wars. Battlefield medicine is a category of military medicine.
Syringe on left, hypodermic needle with attached colour coded Luer-Lock connector on right Hypodermic needle features. A hypodermic needle (from Greek ὑπο- (hypo-= under), and δέρμα (derma = skin)) is a very thin, hollow tube with one sharp tip. It is one of a category of medical tools which enter the skin, called sharps. [1]
Pravaz, c. 1852 Charles Gabriel Pravaz (24 March 1791 – 24 June 1853) a French orthopedic surgeon, pioneered the hypodermic syringe.. While the concept dated to Galen, [1] the modern syringe is thought [by whom?] to have originated in 15th-century Italy, although it took several centuries for the device to develop.
1850 – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later Woman's Medical College), the first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women, is founded in Philadelphia. [ 99 ] 1858 – Rudolf Carl Virchow 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of Humoral medicine .
Through many millennia, various suture materials were used or proposed. Needles were made of bone or metals such as silver, copper, and aluminium bronze wire. Sutures were made of plant materials (flax, hemp and cotton) or animal material (hair, tendons, arteries, muscle strips and nerves, silk, and catgut). [citation needed]
The Greeks also acknowledged the importance of wound closure, and were the first to differentiate between acute and chronic wounds, calling them "fresh" and "non-healing", respectively. Galen of Pergamum, a Greek surgeon who served Roman gladiators circa 120–201 A.D., made many contributions to the field of wound care. [9]
After World War I, further advances were made in the field of intratracheal anesthesia. Among these were those made by Sir Ivan Whiteside Magill (1888–1986). Working at the Queen's Hospital for Facial and Jaw Injuries in Sidcup with plastic surgeon Sir Harold Gillies (1882–1960) and anesthetist E. Stanley Rowbotham (1890–1979), Magill ...
During the American Civil War (1860–65), for example, about twice as many soldiers died of disease as were killed or mortally wounded in combat. [1] The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) is considered to have been the first conflict in which combat injury exceeded disease, at least in the German coalition army which lost 3.47% of its average ...