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Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism , though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence .
In mathematics, homotopy groups are used in algebraic topology to classify topological spaces. The first and simplest homotopy group is the fundamental group , denoted π 1 ( X ) , {\displaystyle \pi _{1}(X),} which records information about loops in a space .
In algebraic topology, it is a cohomology theory known as topological K-theory. In algebra and algebraic geometry, it is referred to as algebraic K-theory. It is also a fundamental tool in the field of operator algebras. It can be seen as the study of certain kinds of invariants of large matrices. [1]
An introduction to categorical approaches to algebraic topology: the focus is on the algebra, and assumes a topological background. Ronald Brown "Topology and Groupoids" pdf available Gives an account of some categorical methods in topology, use the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points to give a generalisation of the Seifert-van Kampen ...
This terminology is often used in the case of the algebraic topology on the set of discrete, faithful representations of a Kleinian group into PSL(2,C). Another topology, the geometric topology (also called the Chabauty topology ), can be put on the set of images of the representations, and its closure can include extra Kleinian groups that are ...
For a formal statement of the theorem, let : be a continuous map from a compact triangulable space to itself. Define the Lefschetz number of by := ((,)), the alternating (finite) sum of the matrix traces of the linear maps induced by on (,), the singular homology groups of with rational coefficients.
Steenrod algebra; Bott periodicity theorem; K-theory. Topological K-theory; Adams operation; Algebraic K-theory; Whitehead torsion; Twisted K-theory; Cobordism; Thom space; Suspension functor; Stable homotopy theory; Spectrum (homotopy theory) Morava K-theory; Hodge conjecture; Weil conjectures; Directed algebraic topology
A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology. University of Chicago Press. pp. 183– 198. ISBN 0-226-51182-0. This textbook gives a detailed construction of the Thom class for trivial vector bundles, and also formulates the theorem in case of arbitrary vector bundles. Stong, Robert E. (1968). Notes on cobordism theory. Princeton University Press.