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Corruption includes industrial corruption, consisting of large bribes, as well as petty corruption such as a poacher paying off a park ranger to ignore poaching. The presence of fuel extraction and export is unambiguously associated with corruption, whereas mineral exports only increased corruption in poorer countries.
The corruption of the Biblical text was elaborated more extensively by ibn Hazm in the 11th century, who popularized the concept of tahrif al-nass "corruption of the text". Ibn Hazm rejected claims of Mosaic authorship and posited that Ezra was the author of the Torah.
Fasid (Arabic: فاسد) is an Islamic religious concept meaning corruption. In this context, it refers to corruption created by humans, as an embodiment of the 'Left Hand of Allah' in relevance to tanzih (transcendence). This corruption can only be wrought by humans, as they are made of clay, which can manifest darkness and evil.
A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): [27] For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper ...
Graft, as understood in American English, is a form of political corruption defined as the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain. Political graft occurs when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to private interests.
In an Islamic context it can refer to spreading corruption on Earth or spreading mischief in a Muslim land, [2] moral corruption against God, [3] or disturbance of the public peace. [4] The spread of fasad is a major theme in the Quran, and the notion is often contrasted with islah (setting things aright). [5] Classical Quranic commentators ...
Baksheesh comes from the Persian word بخشش (bakhshesh), which originated from the Middle Persian language. [2]The word had also moved to other cultures and countries. In the Albanian, Arabic, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Indian, Macedonian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, and Turkish languages, bakshish or бакшиш means "tip" in the conventional western sense.
The Criminal Codes of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) that include Mofsed-e-filarz were adopted in 1996 by the Islamic Consultative Assembly; some changes were made in 2012. [13] Muhareb and Mufsid-i fil Arz are defined as persons drawing weapons with intent to threaten or cause fear and security risk in society in Article 190 of the Codes ...