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In power generation, this phenomenon is used in steam jet air ejectors to maintain condenser vacuum by removing non-condensible gases from the condenser. In theorical aerodynamics applications the entrainment velocity , which expresses the rate of change of the entrainment, is often used to solve the von Kármán integral for turbulent boundary ...
For example, the concept is useful in the flow of liquids through permeable media, especially in hydrology in relation to river and lake bottoms. In this case, it is an application of intrinsic permeability to a unit of material with a defined area and thickness, and the magnitude of conductance affects the rate of groundwater recharge or ...
Kevlar (para-aramid) [2] is a strong, heat-resistant synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, [3] [2] [4] the high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires.
Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are polymers with the property of liquid crystal, usually containing aromatic rings as mesogens. Despite uncrosslinked LCPs, polymeric materials like liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) [ 1 ] and liquid crystal networks (LCNs) can exhibit liquid crystallinity as well.
The global proportionality constant for the flow of water through a porous medium is called the hydraulic conductivity (K, unit: m/s). Permeability, or intrinsic permeability, ( k , unit: m 2 ) is a part of this, and is a specific property characteristic of the solid skeleton and the microstructure of the porous medium itself, independently of ...
Familiar examples are the upward flow of air due to a fire or hot object and the circulation of water in a pot that is heated from below. Forced convection: when a fluid is forced to flow over the surface by an internal source such as fans, by stirring, and pumps, creating an artificially induced convection current. [3]
The water bridge theory assumes a three phase system, the particles contain the third phase which is another liquid (e.g. water) immiscible with the main phase liquid (e.g. oil). With no applied electric field the third phase is strongly attracted to and held within the particles.
Turbulent flow is defined as the flow in which the system's inertial forces are dominant over the viscous forces. This phenomenon is described by Reynolds number, a unit-less number used to determine when turbulent flow will occur. Conceptually, the Reynolds number is the ratio between inertial forces and viscous forces. [6]