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Wireless network cards for computers require control software to make them function (firmware, device drivers). This is a list of the status of some open-source drivers for 802.11 wireless network cards. Location of the network device drivers in a simplified structure of the Linux kernel.
IEEE 802.11ac-2013 or 802.11ac is a wireless networking standard in the IEEE 802.11 set of protocols (which is part of the Wi-Fi networking family), providing high-throughput wireless local area networks (WLANs) on the 5 GHz band. [d] The standard has been retroactively labelled as Wi-Fi 5 by Wi-Fi Alliance. [9] [10]
The 802.11 protocols are IEEE standards, identified as 802.11b, 11g, 11n, 11ac, etc. In 2018 The Wi-Fi Alliance created the simpler generation labels Wi-Fi 4 - 6 beginning with Wi-Fi 5, retroactively added Wi-Fi 4 and later added Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 6E. [23] [24] [25] Wi-Fi 5 had Wave 1 and Wave 2 phases. Wi-Fi 6E extends the 2.4/5 GHz range to 6 ...
Wireless LAN (WLAN) channels are frequently accessed using IEEE 802.11 protocols. The 802.11 standard provides several radio frequency bands for use in Wi-Fi communications, each divided into a multitude of channels numbered at 5 MHz spacing (except in the 45/60 GHz band, where they are 0.54/1.08/2.16 GHz apart) between the centre frequency of the channel.
Also, low mobility users can aggregate multiple channels to get a download throughput of up to 1 Gbit/s [2] Flash-OFDM: Flash-OFDM: Mobile Internet mobility up to 200 mph (350 km/h) Flash-OFDM: 5.3 10.6 15.9: 1.8 3.6 5.4: Mobile range 30 km (18 miles) Extended range 55 km (34 miles) HIPERMAN: HIPERMAN: Mobile Internet: OFDM: 56.9: Wi-Fi: 802.11 ...
The IEEE 802.11 standard sets out low-level specifications for how all 802.11 wireless networks operate. Earlier 802.11 interface controllers are usually only compatible with earlier variants of the standard, while newer cards support both current and old standards. Specifications commonly used in marketing materials for WNICs include:
The Wi-Fi 5 standard uses the 5 GHz band exclusively, and is capable of multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second, and a single station throughput of at least 500 Mbit/s. As of the first quarter of 2016, The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies devices compliant with the 802.11ac standard as "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED ac".
The 802.11ay standard is designed to run at much higher frequencies. The lower frequency of 802.11ax enables it to penetrate walls, something that the 11ay standard struggles to do. [ 8 ] The name WiGig comes from Wireless Gigabit Alliance , the original association being formed to promote the adoption of IEEE 802.11ad.