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Microglia in rat cerebellar molecular layer in red, stained with antibody to IBA1/AIF1. Bergmann glia processes are shown in green, DNA in blue. Microglial cells are extremely plastic , and undergo a variety of structural changes based on location and system needs.
He managed to identify microglia between 1919 and 1921 by staining the cells with silver carbonate. [3] His method of staining also led to the discovery of oligodendroglia in 1921, [4] which both he and Penfield are now credited with. [2] However it was Rio Hortega who named the cells. [1]
Microglia, while primarily known for their immunological functions, exhibit remarkable plasticity, enabling them to perform a diverse range of roles within the central nervous system. Traditionally, microglia have been characterized as existing in two distinct morphological states that correlate with changes in their functional properties: [45]
The exception is microglia, which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells. In the adult, microglia are largely a self-renewing population and are distinct from macrophages and monocytes, which infiltrate an injured and diseased CNS. In the central nervous system, glia develop from the ventricular zone of the neural tube.
3D animation of Müller cell processes (red) interconnected with a retinal microglia cell (green). Müller glia, or Müller cells, are a type of retinal glial cells, first recognized and described by Heinrich Müller. [1] They are found in the vertebrate retina, where they serve as support cells for the neurons, as all glial cells do. They are ...
Microglia synthesize amyloid precursor protein (APP) in response to excitotoxic injury. [2] Plaques result from abnormal proteolytic cleavage of membrane bound APP. [2] Amyloid plaques can stimulate microglia to produce neurotoxic compounds such as cytokines, excitotoxin, nitric oxide and lipophylic amines, which all cause neural damage. [6]
Immunofluorescence staining of homeostatic microglia in a healthy adult mouse retina. Microglia are the tissue-resident phagocytes of the central nervous system. CSF1R signaling promotes migration of primitive microglia precursor cells from the embryonic yolk sac to the developing brain prior to formation of the blood-brain-barrier.
Micrograph showing gliosis in the cerebellum. Reactive astrocytes on the left display severe proliferation and domain overlap. Reactive astrogliosis is the most common form of gliosis and involves the proliferation of astrocytes, a type of glial cell responsible for maintaining extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations, modulating synapse function, and forming the blood–brain ...