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  2. Underwater acoustic communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_acoustic...

    Compared to a scalar pressure sensor, such as a hydrophone, which measures the scalar acoustic field component, a vector sensor measures the vector field components such as acoustic particle velocities. Vector sensors can be categorized into inertial and gradient sensors. [9] Vector sensors have been widely researched over the past few decades.

  3. Underwater acoustics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_acoustics

    The speed of sound (i.e., the longitudinal motion of wavefronts) is related to frequency and wavelength of a wave by =.. This is different from the particle velocity , which refers to the motion of molecules in the medium due to the sound, and relates to the plane wave pressure to the fluid density and sound speed by =.

  4. Doppler effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

    If the wave is a sound wave and the sound source is moving faster than the speed of sound, the resulting shock wave creates a sonic boom. Lord Rayleigh predicted the following effect in his classic book on sound: if the observer were moving from the (stationary) source at twice the speed of sound, a musical piece previously emitted by that ...

  5. Ultrasonic transducer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_transducer

    Distance is measured by multiplying half the time from the signal's outgoing pulse to its return by the speed of sound in the water, which is approximately 1.5 kilometres per second [T÷2×(4700 feet per second or 1.5 kil per second )] For precise applications of echosounding, such as hydrography, the speed of sound must also be measured ...

  6. Sampling (signal processing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)

    The standard audio sampling rate used by professional digital video equipment such as tape recorders, video servers, vision mixers and so on. This rate was chosen because it could reconstruct frequencies up to 22 kHz and work with 29.97 frames per second NTSC video – as well as 25 frame/s, 30 frame/s and 24 frame/s systems.

  7. Long-range acoustic device - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-range_acoustic_device

    A long-range acoustic device (LRAD), acoustic hailing device (AHD) or sound cannon is a specialized loudspeaker that produces sound at high power for communicating at a distance. It has been used as a method of crowd control , which has caused permanent hearing damage , having an extremely high decibel capacity (up to 160 dB measured at one ...

  8. Sound intensity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_intensity

    Sound intensity, also known as acoustic intensity, is defined as the power carried by sound waves per unit area in a direction perpendicular to that area, also called the sound power density and the sound energy flux density. [2]

  9. Ultrasound - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound

    Auditory sensation can occur if high‐intensity ultrasound is fed directly into the human skull and reaches the cochlea through bone conduction, without passing through the middle ear. [13] Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, because in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing tends to decrease with age. [14]

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