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In neo-classical economics, price fixing is inefficient. The anti-competitive agreement by producers to fix prices above the market price transfers some of the consumer surplus to those producers and also results in a deadweight loss. International price fixing by private entities can be prosecuted under the antitrust laws of many countries.
Dumping, also known as predatory pricing, is a commercial strategy for which a company sells a product at an aggressively low price in a competitive market at a loss.A company with large market share and the ability to temporarily sacrifice selling a product or service at below average cost can drive competitors out of the market, [1] after which the company would be free to raise prices for a ...
In August 2007 British Airways (BA) was fined £121.5 million [45] for price-fixing. The fine was imposed by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) after BA admitted to the price-fixing of fuel surcharges on long haul flights.
In 1982 the U.S. Department of Justice Merger Guidelines introduced the SSNIP test as a new method for defining markets and for measuring market power directly. In the EU it was used for the first time in the Nestlé/Perrier case in 1992 and has been officially recognized by the European Commission in its "Commission's Notice for the Definition of the Relevant Market" in 1997.
The Robinson–Patman Act (RPA) of 1936 (or Anti-Price Discrimination Act, Pub. L. No. 74-692, 49 Stat. 1526 (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 13)) is a United States federal law that prohibits anticompetitive practices by producers, specifically price discrimination.
Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement. [ 3 ]
The first legislation against cartels to be enforced was the Sherman Act 1890, which also prohibits price fixing, market-sharing, output restrictions and other anti-competitive conduct. [31] Section 1 and 2 of the Act outlines the law in regards to cartels, Section 1:
Franchising is a form of vertical agreement, and under European Union competition law this falls within the scope of Article 101. [1] Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure.