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  2. Perkin triangle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin_triangle

    The solvent can be allowed to reflux over a drying agent housed in the still pot (shown as 2 in the figure) for a suitable time to dry solvent. The collecting tap (shown as 5 in the figure) can then be opened to collect the solvent in a Schlenk flask for storage. Depending on the boiling point of the solvent, a vacuum can be applied.

  3. Reflux - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux

    The purpose is to thermally accelerate the reaction by conducting it at an elevated, controlled temperature (i.e. the solvent's boiling point) and ambient pressure without losing large quantities of the mixture. [6] The diagram shows a typical reflux apparatus. It includes a water bath to indirectly heat the mixture.

  4. Vacuum distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation

    Vacuum distillation or distillation under reduced pressure is a type of distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy. This technique separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points.

  5. Degassing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degassing

    The ketyl radical from sodium and benzophenone can also be used for removing both oxygen and water from inert solvents such as hydrocarbons and ethers; the degassed solvent can be separated by distillation. The latter method is particularly useful because a high concentration of ketyl radical generates a deep blue colour, indicating the solvent ...

  6. Short-path distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-path_distillation

    Short-path distillation is a distillation technique that involves the distillate traveling a short distance, often only a few centimeters, and is normally done at reduced pressure. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Short-path distillation systems often have a variety of names depending on the manufacturer of the system and what compounds are being distilled within them.

  7. Distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation

    Pressure-swing distillation is essentially the same as the unidirectional distillation used to break azeotropic mixtures, but here both positive and negative pressures may be employed. This improves the selectivity of the distillation and allows a chemist to optimize distillation by avoiding extremes of pressure and temperature that waste energy.

  8. Rotary evaporator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporator

    A rotary evaporator [1] (rotovap) is a device used in chemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle removal of solvents from samples by evaporation.When referenced in the chemistry research literature, description of the use of this technique and equipment may include the phrase "rotary evaporator", though use is often rather signaled by other language (e.g., "the sample was evaporated ...

  9. Stripping (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripping_(chemistry)

    Steam is also frequently used as a stripping agent for water treatment. Volatile organic compounds are partially soluble in water and because of environmental considerations and regulations, must be removed from groundwater, surface water, and wastewater. [5] These compounds can be present because of industrial, agricultural, and commercial ...

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