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Metaphysical pluralism in philosophy is the multiplicity of metaphysical models of the structure and content of reality, both as it appears and as logic dictates that it might be, [3] as is exhibited by the four related models in Plato's Republic [4] and as developed in the contrast between phenomenalism and physicalism.
In the philosophy of mind, multiple realizability is the thesis that the same mental property, state, or event can be implemented by different physical properties, states, or events. Philosophers of mind have used multiple realizability to argue that mental states are not the same as — and cannot be reduced to — physical states.
Influenced by Kant's philosophy, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) linked ontology and logic. He said that being and thought are identical and examined their foundational structures. [202] Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) rejected Hegel's philosophy and proposed that the world is an expression of a blind and irrational will. [203]
Absurdism – Academic skepticism – Achintya Bheda Abheda – Action, philosophy of – Actual idealism – Actualism – Advaita Vedanta – Aesthetic Realism – Aesthetics – African philosophy – Afrocentrism – Agential realism – Agnosticism – Agnostic theism – Ajātivāda – Ājīvika – Ajñana – Alexandrian school – Alexandrists – Ambedkarism – American philosophy ...
Beyond philosophy, its applications include the use of ontologies in artificial intelligence, economics, and sociology to classify entities. [22] In psychiatry and medicine, it examines the metaphysical status of diseases. [23] Meta-metaphysics [d] is the metatheory of metaphysics and investigates the nature and methods of metaphysics. It ...
Model-dependent realism is a view of scientific inquiry that focuses on the role of scientific models of phenomena. [1] It claims reality should be interpreted based upon these models, and where several models overlap in describing a particular subject, multiple, equally valid, realities exist.
Nondualism includes a number of philosophical and spiritual traditions that emphasize the absence of fundamental duality or separation in existence. [1] This viewpoint questions the boundaries conventionally imposed between self and other, mind and body, observer and observed, [2] and other dichotomies that shape our perception of reality.
Emanationism is a theory in the cosmology or cosmogony of certain religious and philosophical systems, that posits the concept of emanation.According to this theory, emanation, from the Latin emanare meaning "to flow from" or "to pour forth or out of", is the mode by which all existing things are derived from a 'first reality', or first principle.