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  2. C4 carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation

    Leaf anatomy in most C 4 plants. A: Mesophyll cell B: Chloroplast C: Vascular tissue D: Bundle sheath cell E: Stoma F: Vascular tissue 1. CO 2 is fixed to produce a four-carbon molecule (malate or aspartate). 2. The molecule exits the cell and enters the bundle sheath cells. 3. It is then broken down into CO 2 and pyruvate.

  3. List of C4 plants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_C4_plants

    Maize (Zea mays, Poaceae) is the most widely cultivated C 4 plant.[1]In botany, C 4 carbon fixation is one of three known methods of photosynthesis used by plants. C 4 plants increase their photosynthetic efficiency by reducing or suppressing photorespiration, which mainly occurs under low atmospheric CO 2 concentration, high light, high temperature, drought, and salinity.

  4. List of minerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals

    This is a list of minerals which have Wikipedia articles. Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species .

  5. Geochemistry of carbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry_of_carbon

    Carbon makes up only 0.08% of the combination of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Yet it is the twelfth most common element there. In the rock of the lithosphere, carbon commonly occurs as carbonate minerals containing calcium or magnesium. It is also found as fossil fuels in coal and petroleum and gas.

  6. List of minerals recognized by the International ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals...

    As of November 2024, the IMA - CNMNC List of Minerals lists 6,100 valid minerals, including 1,153 pre-IMA minerals (grandfathered), and 97 questionable minerals. [2] Also as of November 2024 [update] , the Mineralogical Society of America's Handbook of Mineralogy lists 5,663 species, [ 3 ] and the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/RRUFF ...

  7. List of rock types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock_types

    The following is a list of rock types recognized by geologists.There is no agreed number of specific types of rock. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe a rock type.

  8. Carbonate rock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_rock

    Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals. The two major types are limestone , which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO 3 ), and dolomite rock (also known as dolostone), which is composed of dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ).

  9. Classification of non-silicate minerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_non...

    This list complements the List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association series of articles and List of minerals. Rocks, ores, mineral mixtures, not IMA approved minerals, not named minerals are mostly excluded. Mostly major groups only, or groupings used by New Dana Classification and Mindat.