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In physics, an open quantum system is a quantum-mechanical system that interacts with an external quantum system, which is known as the environment or a bath.In general, these interactions significantly change the dynamics of the system and result in quantum dissipation, such that the information contained in the system is lost to its environment.
In quantum mechanics, the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad equation (GKSL equation, named after Vittorio Gorini, Andrzej Kossakowski, George Sudarshan and Göran Lindblad), master equation in Lindblad form, quantum Liouvillian, or Lindbladian is one of the general forms of Markovian master equations describing open quantum systems.
In quantum mechanics, a density matrix (or density operator) is a matrix that describes an ensemble [1] of physical systems as quantum states (even if the ensemble contains only one system). It allows for the calculation of the probabilities of the outcomes of any measurements performed upon the systems of the ensemble using the Born rule .
Quantum Trajectory Theory (QTT) is a formulation of quantum mechanics used for simulating open quantum systems, quantum dissipation and single quantum systems. [1] It was developed by Howard Carmichael in the early 1990s around the same time as the similar formulation, known as the quantum jump method or Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) method, developed by Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer. [2]
A quantum version of an adiabatic process can be modeled by an externally controlled time dependent Hamiltonian (). If the system is isolated, the dynamics are unitary, and therefore, is a constant. A quantum adiabatic process is defined by the energy entropy being constant.
Consider a general quantum mechanical system. This system has the Hamiltonian.Let the initial state of the system be the pure state | .If we now add a time-dependent perturbation to this Hamiltonian, say ′ (), the full Hamiltonian is () = + ′ and hence the system will evolve in time under the full Hamiltonian.
The quantum harmonic oscillator; The quantum harmonic oscillator with an applied uniform field [1] The Inverse square root potential [2] The periodic potential The particle in a lattice; The particle in a lattice of finite length [3] The Pöschl–Teller potential; The quantum pendulum; The three-dimensional potentials The rotating system The ...
However, the quantum mechanical state of the system stays pure, thus such an approach can not describe dephasing unless a subsystem is chosen and the reduced density matrix of this open quantum system is analyzed. [5] Dephasing leads to quantum decoherence or information dissipation and is often important when describing open quantum systems ...