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C++11 provides solutions to all of these problems. C++11 allows constructors to call other peer constructors (termed delegation). This allows constructors to utilize another constructor's behavior with a minimum of added code. Delegation has been used in other languages e.g., Java and Objective-C. This syntax is as follows:
C11 (previously C1X, formally ISO/IEC 9899:2011 [1]) is a past standard for the C programming language. It replaced C99 (standard ISO/IEC 9899:1999) and has been superseded by C17 (standard ISO/IEC 9899:2018).
For this purpose, the C++11 standard library defines the smart pointer classes std::unique_ptr for single-owned objects and std::shared_ptr for objects with shared ownership. Similar classes are also available through std::auto_ptr in C++98, and boost::shared_ptr in the Boost libraries. Also, messages can be sent to network resources using RAII.
With the advent of C++11 the rule of three can be broadened to the rule of five (also known as "the rule of the big five" [5]) as C++11 implements move semantics, [6] allowing destination objects to grab (or steal) data from temporary objects. The following example also shows the new moving members: move constructor and move assignment operator.
Apple introduced blocks, a form of closure, as a nonstandard extension into C, C++, Objective-C 2.0 and in Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" and iOS 4.0. Apple made their implementation available for the GCC and clang compilers. Pointers to block and block literals are marked with ^. Normal local variables are captured by value when the block is ...
[11] The referenced object must be protected separately to ensure thread safety. shared_ptr and weak_ptr are based on versions used by the Boost libraries. [citation needed] C++ Technical Report 1 (TR1) first introduced them to the standard, as general utilities, but C++11 adds more functions, in line with the Boost version.
Both the C99 and C++11 standards require at least one argument, but since C++20 this limitation has been lifted through the __VA_OPT__ functional macro. The __VA_OPT__ macro is replaced by its argument when arguments are present, and omitted otherwise. Common compilers also permit passing zero arguments before this addition, however.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 February 2025. General-purpose programming language "C programming language" redirects here. For the book, see The C Programming Language. Not to be confused with C++ or C#. C Logotype used on the cover of the first edition of The C Programming Language Paradigm Multi-paradigm: imperative (procedural ...