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The rotation operators R x (θ), R y (θ), R z (θ), the phase shift gate P(φ) [c] and CNOT are commonly used to form a universal quantum gate set. [20] [d] The Clifford set {CNOT, H, S} + T gate. The Clifford set alone is not a universal quantum gate set, as it can be efficiently simulated classically according to the Gottesman–Knill theorem.
In gate-based quantum computing, various sets of quantum logic gates are commonly used to express quantum operations. The following tables list several unitary quantum logic gates, together with their common name, how they are represented, and some of their properties.
The quantum logic gates are reversible unitary transformations on at least one qubit. Multiple qubits taken together are referred to as quantum registers. To define quantum gates, we first need to specify the quantum replacement of an n-bit datum. The quantized version of classical n-bit space {0,1} n is the Hilbert space
Quantum programming is the process of designing or assembling sequences of instructions, called quantum circuits, using gates, switches, and operators to manipulate a quantum system for a desired outcome or results of a given experiment.
a fixed but arbitrary list of static gates (quantum gates that do not depend on parameters, like the Hadamard gate.) ′ a fixed but arbitrary list of parametric gates (gates that depend on a number of complex parameters like the phase shift gate that requires an angle parameter to be completely defined.)
A quantum circuit consists of simple quantum gates, each of which acts on some finite number of qubits. Quantum algorithms may also be stated in other models of quantum computation, such as the Hamiltonian oracle model. [7] Quantum algorithms can be categorized by the main techniques involved in the algorithm.
Care must be taken to end the gate at a time when all motional modes have returned to the origin in phase space, and so the gate time is defined by = = for each mode . For μ k t = 2 π {\displaystyle \mu _{k}t=2\pi } , the second term of M 2 ( t ) {\displaystyle M_{2}(t)} also vanishes, and so the time evolution operator becomes
Qubits are used in quantum circuits and quantum algorithms composed of quantum logic gates to solve computational problems, where they are used for input/output and intermediate computations. A physical qubit is a physical device that behaves as a two-state quantum system, used as a component of a computer system.