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Islam understands its form of "Abrahamic monotheism" as preceding both Judaism and Christianity, and in contrast with Arabian Henotheism. [47] The teachings of the Quran are believed by Muslims to be the direct and final revelation and words of God. Islam, like Christianity, is a universal religion (i.e. membership is
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
As these formed the larger part of the European Jews, it is doubtful whether the total number was more than 400,000 at the middle of the 18th century; and, counting those in the lands of Islam, the entire number in the world at that time could not have been much more than 1,000,000.
The history of Jews and Muslims in the Eastern Islamic world highlights the profound impact Islamic rule had on Jewish communities. For much of the medieval period, "the Jewish communities of the Islamic world were responsible for many of the institutions, texts, and practices that would define Judaism well into the modern era". [29]
The history of ancient Israel and Judah spans from the early appearance of the Israelites in Canaan's hill country during the late second millennium BCE, to the establishment and subsequent downfall of the two Israelite kingdoms in the mid-first millennium BCE. This history unfolds within the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.
The bulk of the human religious experience pre-dates written history, which is roughly 7,000 years old. [1] A lack of written records results in most of the knowledge of pre-historic religion being derived from archaeological records and other indirect sources, and from suppositions.
A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam (1994) excerpt and text search; Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short History (2002) excerpt and text search; Bowker, John Westerdale, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (2007) excerpt and text search 1126pp; Carus, Paul.
However, some scholars take the view that Mandaeism is older and dates from pre-Christian times. [25] Mandaeans assert that their religion predates Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as a monotheistic faith. [26] Mandaeans believe that they descend directly from Shem, Noah's son, [27]: 182 and also from John the Baptist's original disciples. [28]