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In object-oriented languages, string functions are often implemented as properties and methods of string objects. In functional and list-based languages a string is represented as a list (of character codes), therefore all list-manipulation procedures could be considered string functions.
In JavaScript an object is a mapping from property names to values—that is, an associative array with one caveat: the keys of an object must be either a string or a symbol (native objects and primitives implicitly converted to a string keys are allowed).
In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine. For example, if x is an array, then y = sin (x) will result in an array y whose elements are sine of the corresponding elements of the array x. Vectorized index operations are also supported.
C++11 extended this further, to make classes act identically to POD objects in many more cases. ^c pair only ^d Although Perl doesn't have records, because Perl's type system allows different data types to be in an array, "hashes" (associative arrays) that don't have a variable index would effectively be the same as records.
The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims about their relative expressive power, but there is no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences. [52]
String representation Object copy Value equality Object comparison Hash code Object ID Human-readable Source-compatible ABAP Objects — APL (Dyalog) ⍕x ⎕SRC x ⎕NS x: x = y — C++ x == y [52] pointer to object can be converted into an integer ID: C# x.ToString() x.Clone() x.Equals(y) x.CompareTo(y) x.GetHashCode()
In both languages arrays of reference types are covariant. This means that a String[] array is assignable to variables of Object[], as String is a specialization of (assignable to) Object. In both languages, the arrays will perform a type check when inserting new values, because type safety would otherwise be compromised.
Many object-oriented programming languages have a three-way comparison function, which performs a three-way comparison between the object and another given object. For example, in Java , any class that implements the Comparable interface has a compareTo method which either returns a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer, or throws a ...