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The Four Deputies (Arabic: ٱلنُّوَّاب ٱلْأَرْبَعَة, an-Nuwwāb al-ʾArbaʿah) were the four individuals who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE).
The four Sunni Imams founded the four madhhab (schools of thought) recognized in Sunni Islam. While they agree on the foundational principles of fiqh according to the Sunni narrative, their interpretations of certain legal and practical matters differ, which led to the development of the four distinct madhhab.
Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti (Arabic: أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱبْن رُوح ٱلنَّوْبَخْتِيّ, ʾAbū al-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn Rūḥ an-Nawbakhtīy) was the third of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE).
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri (Arabic: أَبُو ٱلْحَسَن عَلِيّ ٱبْن مُحَمَّد ٱلسَّمَّرِيّ, ʾAbū al-Ḥasan ʿAlīy ibn Muḥammad as-Sammarīy) was the last of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE).
In 899, Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah announced that he was the "Imam of the Time" being also the fourth direct descendant of Muhammad ibn Isma'il in the very same dynasty, and proclaimed his previous three descendant Da'is to have been "hidden Imams".
[2] [3] The book has also been translated into Arabic [4] [5] [6] and Urdu. [7] [8] [9] In 2011, the book was published again with many corrections. [10] [11] Excerpt and summary of this book in 400 pages has been selected by the Research deputy [12] of Islamic Maaref University [13] as a textbook in universities of Iran for history of Imamate ...
Da'a'im al-Islam (Arabic: دعائم الإسلام lit. The Pillars of Islam) is an Ismaili Shia Islam Muslim book of jurisprudence. [1] The book was written by Al-Qadi al-Nu'man. [1] He served as da'i of four imams (from Ismaili 11th Imam Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah to 14th Imam al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah the first four Fatimid caliphs of Egypt). [1]
In Shia Islam, the figure of imam dominates the belief system. [9] Necessarily a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [10] imam is the supreme leader that combines both temporal and religious authorities, [11] for the two were combined in Muhammad. [12] Various Shia sects, however, disagreed over the identity of these imams. [10]