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Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated 4 times in the 11th century (and would later be excommunicated a fifth time in the 12th century). He was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII three separate times, and once more by Pope Urban II. The first was on 22 February 1076 over the Investiture Controversy.
Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., also known as Humbert of Moyenmoutier (c. 1000 to 1015 – 5 May 1061) was a French Benedictine abbot and later cardinal.It was his act of excommunicating the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, in 1054 that is generally regarded as the precipitating event of the East–West Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Peter Abelard (/ ˈ æ b ə l ɑːr d /; French: Pierre Abélard; Latin: Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; 12 February 1079 – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, leading logician, theologian, teacher, musician, composer, and poet.
Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216), [1] born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216.
Excommunication among Bahá'ís is rare and generally not used for transgressions of community standards, intellectual dissent, or conversion to other religions. [2] [3] Instead, it is the most severe punishment, reserved for suppressing organized dissent that threatens the unity of believers. [4]
The crusaders sacked Constantinople for three days, during which many ancient and medieval Greco-Roman works of art were stolen or ruined. Many of the civilian population of the city were killed and their property looted. Despite the threat of excommunication, the crusaders destroyed, defiled and looted the city's churches and monasteries.
A letter of Jerome to Marcella, written in 385, refutes the claims of Montanists that had been troubling her. [15] A group of "Tertullianists" may have continued at Carthage. The anonymous author of Praedestinatus records that a preacher came to Rome in 388 where he made many converts and obtained the use of a church for his congregation on the ...
Pope Adrian IV (Latin: Adrianus IV; born Nicholas Breakspear (or Brekespear); [1] c. 1100 [note 1] – 1 September 1159, also Hadrian IV) [3] was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 4 December 1154 to his death in 1159.