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A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such as predation are a key aspect of community ecology.. In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage.
Ecological classification or ecological typology is the classification of land or water into geographical units that represent variation in one or more ecological features. . Traditional approaches focus on geology, topography, biogeography, soils, vegetation, climate conditions, living species, habitats, water resources, and sometimes also anthropic factors.
[1] [26] In ecotypes, it is common for continuous, gradual geographic variation to impose analogous phenotypic and genetic variation, a situation which leads to the emergence of clines . [ 1 ] A well-known example of a cline is the skin color gradation in indigenous human populations worldwide, which is related to latitude and amounts of sunlight.
A plant community can be rare even if none of the major species defining it are rare. [1]: 115 This is because it is the association of species and relationship to their environment that may be rare. [1]: 115 An example is the sycamore alluvial woodland in California dominated by the California sycamore Platanus racemosa.
[1]: 181 The term was first coined by Alexander von Humboldt [1]: 16 and formalised by the International Botanical Congress in 1910. [1]: 182 [2] An association can be viewed as a real, integrated entity shaped either by species interactions or by similar habitat requirements, or it can be viewed as merely a common point along a continuum.
Community would be the collective dynamics amongst species and the habitat in which they live in. [6] Communities are most closely associated with habitats, which are more intimate than compared to ecosystems. Habitats signify a smaller, more specific region, while an ecosystem is a broader term that can encompass multiple habitats.
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Urban ecology is a relatively new field. Because of this, the research that has been done in this field has yet to become extensive. While there is still plenty of time for growth in the research of this field, there are some key issues and biases within the current research that still need to be addressed.