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Maleic anhydride is a classic substrate for Diels-Alder reactions. [9] It was used for work in 1928, on the reaction between maleic anhydride and 1,3-butadiene, for which Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950. It is through this reaction that maleic anhydride is converted to many pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
In industry, maleic acid is derived by hydrolysis of maleic anhydride, the latter being produced by oxidation of benzene or butane. [4] Maleic acid is an industrial raw material for the production of glyoxylic acid by ozonolysis. [8] Maleic acid may be used to form acid addition salts with drugs to make them more stable, such as indacaterol ...
Chemical structure of an alkylsuccinic anhydride derived from octadecene. Maleic anhydride undergoes the Alder-ene reaction with alkenes to give alkenylsuccinic anhydrides. Such compounds are sizing agents in the paper industry. In this role, the anhydride is proposed to form an ester with the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose fibers. [8]
Reagents are "substances or compounds that are added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction or are added to see if a reaction occurs." [1] Some reagents are just a single element. However, most processes require reagents made of chemical compounds. Some of the most common ones used widely for specific reactive functions are ...
3-Sulfolene reacts with maleic anhydride in boiling xylene to cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, obtaining yields of up to 90%. [4] 3-Sulfolene reacts also with dienophiles in trans configuration (such as diethyl fumarate) at 110 °C with SO 2 elimination in 66–73% yield to the trans-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic diethyl ester. [17]
The reaction proceeds with about 70% selectivity. About 10% of maleic anhydride is also produced: C 6 H 4 (CH 3) 2 + 7 + 1 / 2 O 2 → C 4 H 2 O 3 + 4 H 2 O + 4 CO 2. Phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride are recovered by distillation by a series of switch condensers.
Frying, [6] cooking, flavoring, vegetable oil, shortening Peanut oil: 18% 49% 33% 0 31% 231 °C (448 °F) Frying, cooking, salad oils, margarine, deep frying
A common type of organic acid anhydride is a carboxylic anhydride, where the parent acid is a carboxylic acid, the formula of the anhydride being (RC(O)) 2 O. Symmetrical acid anhydrides of this type are named by replacing the word acid in the name of the parent carboxylic acid by the word anhydride. [2] Thus, (CH 3 CO) 2 O is called acetic ...