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The World Health Organization (WHO) has established a diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis using BMD T-scores which describes an individual's BMD in terms of the number of SDs by which is differs from the mean peak value in young, healthy persons of the same sex—currently more than 2.5 SDs below the mean as the criterion for osteoporosis. [5]
In addition to the detection of abnormal BMD, the diagnosis of osteoporosis requires investigations into potentially modifiable underlying causes; this may be done with blood tests. Depending on the likelihood of an underlying problem, investigations for cancer with metastasis to the bone, multiple myeloma, Cushing's disease and other above ...
The trabecular bone score is a measure of bone texture correlated with bone microarchitecture and a marker for the risk of osteoporosis.Introduced in 2008, [1] its main projected use is alongside measures of bone density in better predicting fracture risk in people with metabolic bone problems.
At the hip, a DXA-equivalent T-score may be calculated for comparison to the WHO classification at the proximal femur as normal, osteopenia (T-Score < -1.0 and > -2.5) or osteoporosis (T-Score < -2.5). [17] This T-Score may also be used for fracture risk probability calculation in the WHO FRAX tool [18] with "T-Score" as the appropriate DXA ...
Osteoporosis circumscripta cranii refers to a highly circumscribed (focal) lytic lesion of the skull bone as seen on X-ray in patients with Paget's disease of bones. [1] This focal lesion can be fairly large.
The ISCD states that there is no clearly understood correlation between BMD and the risk of a child's sustaining a fracture; the diagnosis of osteoporosis in children cannot be made on the basis of densitometry criteria. T-scores are prohibited with children and should not even appear on DXA reports.
Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone.
Micrograph of a brown tumor (left of image). H&E stain.. Brown tumours consist of fibrous tissue, woven bone and supporting vasculature, but no matrix.The osteoclasts consume the trabecular bone that osteoblasts lay down and this front of reparative bone deposition followed by additional resorption can expand beyond the usual shape of the bone, involving the periosteum thus causing bone pain.